Which of the following can be a means to enforce team norms?

Ostracism can be a means to enforce team norms because it involves deliberately excluding individuals from group activities or social interactions when they fail to conform to established team behaviors or standards. This method serves as a powerful social sanction aimed at reinforcing compliance with team norms, as team members may feel the pressure to adhere to group expectations to avoid being ostracized. This can create an environment in which individuals realize the importance of aligning their behaviors with the accepted norms of the group, thus promoting cohesion and cooperation among team members.

While other options, such as consensus building and encouragement, can foster adherence to norms through positive reinforcement and collaboration, ostracism operates on the principle of social exclusion, which can lead to immediate compliance, albeit potentially at the risk of creating a negative atmosphere within the team. Rewarding achievement can also reinforce norms but typically enhances motivation rather than directly enforcing compliance. Thus, ostracism stands out as a more direct mechanism for ensuring that individuals follow the established norms.